Factores predisponentes a enfermedades no transmisibles en un área de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba / Predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in a health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality i: en

Introducción: Hoy en día las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen un grave problema que afecta el estado de salud de la población, con una tendencia ascendente preocupante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 286 individuos, escogidos a través de un muestreo aleatorio bietápico en el área de salud Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes patológicos personales, consumo de productos del tabaco y alcohol, hábitos dietéticos y evaluación nutricional. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la tasa de prevalencia para variables cualitativas; la media aritmética y el mínimo e intervalo de confianza para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El mayor riesgo de presentar hipertensión arterial figuró en las féminas (35,6 %) y existió alta prevalencia de fumadores en hombres (30,5 %) y mujeres (27,7 %). Asimismo, predominaron la exposición al humo de tabaco (fumadores pasivos) y el consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas (25-34 años). De los encuestados, 33,3 % resultó estar sobrepeso u obeso. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles pudieran estar asociados con estilos de vida no saludables como el consumo de productos del tabaco y el alcohol, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados y el sobrepeso.

Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.

Clinical value of different nutritional evaluation indexes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric patients during the stage of remission induction / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To compare the nutritional evaluation methods and to analyze the clinical value of different nutritional evaluation indexes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) pediatric patients during the stage of remission induction.Methods:The clinical data of 132 ALL pediatric patients who were diagnosed and treated with remission induction in Shanghai Children′s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University from January 2018 to December 2020 were collected by convenient sampling method. The body composition was measured by direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance measurement (DSM-BIA), and the height, weight, upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness were also measured. The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics scores were calculated. The serum albumin value and the hemoglobin value were monitored. Using DSM-BIA as the reference standard, the accuracy of different nutritional evaluation indexes was investigated and analyzed.Results:During the stage of remission induction in ALL pediatric patients, there were 69 out of 132 children who had the muscle mass below normal. The muscle mass below normal was detected in 52.3% (69/132). And the upper arm circumference had the highest correlation and the minimal standard error with muscle mass measured by DSM-BIA ( R2=0.520, SE=0.180). Grouped with nutritional status by the upper arm circumference, the children with normal nutritional status had lower incidence of very severe neutropenia 76.8% (24/32) than 92.1% (70/76) with abnormal nutritional status ( χ2=6.14, P=0.013). Conclusions:During the stage of remission induction in ALL pediatric patients, the malnutrition rate is high. The upper arm circumference is a simple index which can accurately reflect the nutritional status of the ALL pediatric patients. It is suggested that the upper arm circumference should be used as the primary screening index of clinical nutrition by clinical nurses.

Evaluation of sequential organ failure assessment score, Braden Scale score, and nutritional indicators in patients with pressure ulcer after spinal cord injury / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, Braden Scale score, and nutritional indicators in patients with pressure ulcer after spinal cord injury.Methods:Eighty spinal cord injury patients with pressure ulcer who received treatment in the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, China between January 2019 and February 2020 were included in the patient group. Among these patients, 22 had stage I pressure ulcer, 33 had stage II pressure ulcer, and 25 had stage III pressure ulcer. An additional 140 patients with spinal cord injury but without pressure ulcer who concurrently received treatment in the same hospital were included in the control group. SOFA score, Braden Scale score and nutritional indicators were compared between the two groups. The correlation between SOFA score, Braden scale score and nutritional indicators was analyzed.Results:There were no significant differences in gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, operation condition and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale score between the two groups (all P > 0.05). There were significant differences in body mass index [(24.25 + 1.44) kg/m 2vs. (27.68 + 2.21) kg/m 2, t = 12.44, P < 0.05], use of vasoactive drugs (29.29% vs. 43.75%, χ 2 = 4.71, P < 0.05), length of hospital stay [(10.71 + 2.62) days vs. (16.39 + 3.05) days, t = 14.56, P < 0.05]. SOFA score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(9.72 ± 1.18) points vs. (4.51 ± 0.30) points, t = 49.58, P < 0.001]. Braden scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(10.64 ± 1.05) points vs. (13.49 ± 2.28) points, t = 10.55, P < 0.001]. Serum level of hemoglobin, prealbumin, and albumin in the observation group was (81.03 ± 8.48) g/L, (145.29 ± 14.72) mg/L, (20.24 ± 2.05) g/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(107.25 ± 10.14) g/L, (170.86 ± 23.75) mg/L, (32.38 ± 4.07) g/L, t = 19.54, 8.71, 24.91, all P < 0.001]. Spearman correlation analysis showed that SOFA score was positively correlated with serum level of hemoglobin, prealbumin, and albumin ( r = 0.50, 0.64, 0.71, all P < 0.05). SOFA score was negatively correlated with Braden Scale score ( r = -0.51, -0.62, -0.75, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Pressure ulcer in spinal cord injury is caused by combined action of multiple factors. SOFA score, Braden scale score, and combined detection of hemoglobin, prealbumin, and albumin can be used to better evaluate pressure ulcer after spinal cord injury.

Comorbilidades en pacientes con enfermedad hepática alcohólica / Comorbidities in patients with alcoholic hepatic disease

Introducción: El consumo excesivo y prolongado de alcohol se asocia a una morbilidad elevada por afecciones hepáticas y de otros órganos. Objetivo: Precisar las lesiones hepáticas y su relación con otras enfermedades asociadas al alcohol y el estado nutricional en pacientes con enfermedad hepática alcohólica. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 270 pacientes con enfermedad hepática alcohólica, atendidos en el Servicio de Medicina Interna y la consulta especializada de Hepatología del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, quienes fueron examinados clínicamente para detectar síntomas y signos de enfermedades hepática y asociadas al alcohol en diferentes sistemas, durante el decenio 2010-2019. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres (234), de los cuales 117 estuvieron en el grupo de 25 - 44 años de edad. La forma clínica preponderante fue la cirrosis hepática en 109 pacie2ntes, de ellos una proporción importante eran bebedores con más de 20 años de exposición al hábito. La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico junto a las formas de gastropatía y la polineuropatía en 89 y 96 afectados, respectivamente, fueron las comorbilidades más asociadas a la lesión hepática. Se observaron diferentes grados de desnutrición en 167 afectados (61,8 %), de los cuales primaron aquellos con cirrosis hepática, de estos 51 (49,0 %) presentaron desnutrición moderada y 31 (49,2 %) grave. Conclusiones: Resulta elevada la presencia de comorbilidades en pacientes con enfermedad hepática alcohólica, lo cual se asocia al deterioro nutricional y a una exposición prolongada al hábito nocivo.

Introduction: The excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol is associated with a high morbidity due to hepatic disorders and affections of other organs. Objective: To specify the hepatic lesions and their relationship with other diseases associated with alcohol and the nutritional state in patients with alcoholic hepatic disease. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 270 patients with alcoholic hepatic disease was carried out. They were assisted in the Internal Medicine Service and in the specialized visit of Hepatology from Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba who were clinically examined to detect symptoms and signs of hepatic disease and those associated with alcohol in different systems, during the decade 2010-2019. Results: There was a prevalence of men (234), of which 117 were in the group of 25 - 44 years of age. The preponderant clinical form was the hepatic cirrhosis in 109 patients, an important proportion of them were drinkers with more than 20 years of exhibition to the habit. The disease due to gastroesophagic reflux along with the forms of gastropathy and polyneuropathy in 89 and 96 affected patients, respectively, were the comorbidities more associated with the hepatic lesion. Different degrees of malnutrition were observed in 167 affected patients (61.8 %), of which those with hepatic cirrhosis prevailed, of these 51 (49.0 %) presented moderate malnutrition and 31 (49.2 %) a serious one. Conclusions: The presence of comorbidities in patients with alcoholic hepatic disease is high, which is associated to the nutritional deterioration and a prolong exposure to the harmful habit.

Estado nutricional al inicio del embarazo, ganancias ponderales y retención de peso al año de paridas / Nutritional Condition at the Beginning of Pregnancy, Weight Gains and Weight Retention One Year after Delivery

Introducción: El embarazo es una etapa de riesgo de obesidad persistente después del parto, entre otras causas, es secundario al estado nutricional al inicio del embarazo y a las ganancias de peso por encima de lo recomendado. Objetivo: Describir las ganancias de peso gestacionales por categorías nutricionales y su asociación con la retención de peso al año del parto. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal en 100 mujeres al año del parto, pertenecientes a tres áreas de salud del municipio Santa Clara, en el periodo comprendido de julio 2016 a julio 2017. Se revisaron los tarjetones de las embarazadas para recoger el peso en kg a la captación, su evaluación nutricional según el índice de masa corporal en la primera consulta y el peso al final de la gestación. Las mismas fueron visitadas en su domicilio al año de paridas; se recogieron datos generales, se midió la talla de pie, el peso corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura. Se calcularon los índices de masa corporal y cintura/talla. Resultados: Predominó la condición de peso adecuado a la captación (67,08 por ciento). El 82,87 por ciento de las mujeres retuvo peso al año de paridas; con mayor frecuencia en las obesas (90,0 por ciento) y sobrepeso (83,01 por ciento) según su estado nutricional a la captación. Todas las mujeres tuvieron índice cintura/talla por encima de 0,50 al año de paridas. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con mayores ganancias por encima de lo recomendado, tienen menor capacidad de recuperación del peso corporal al año de paridas(AU)

Introduction: Pregnancy is a period of persistent obesity risk after delivery. Among other causes, it is secondary to the nutritional status at the beginning of pregnancy and to gaining weight above the recommended. Objective: To describe gestational weight gains by nutritional categories and their association with weight retention one year after delivery. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 women one year after delivery and from three health areas of Santa Clara Municipality, in the period from July 2016 to July 2017. Their pregnancy identification cards were reviewed to collect their weight in kilograms at the time pregnancy was identified, nutritional evaluation based on the body mass index at the first office visit, and the weight at the end of pregnancy. They were paid home visits one year after delivery. General data were collected, foot size, body weight, and waist circumference were measured. Body mass and waist/height indexes were calculated. Results: The weight condition adequate to the time pregnancy was identified (67.08 percent). 82.87 percent of women retained weight one year after delivery, more frequently in obese (90.0 percent) and overweight (83.01 percent) women according to their nutritional status at the time pregnancy was identified. All women had waist/height index above 0.50 one year after delivery. Conclusions: Women with weight gains higher than recommended have less capacity to recover their body weight one year after delivery(AU)

Evaluation of adductor pollicis muscle thickness obtained by ultrasonography and adipometer in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment / Evaluación del polímico adductor espesor muscular obtenido por ultrasonografía y adipómetro en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónico bajo tratamiento conservador

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) measured by ultrasonography and adipometer and the applicability of the measurement as an indicator of the nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design (n= 137). The concordance between APMT assessed by both methods were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman graphics were produced. APMTs were correlated with body mass index (BMI); calf circumference (CC), brachial circumference (BC) and brachial muscle (BMC); lean tissue mass (LTM); LTM index and body cell mass (BCM) via Pearson correlation. The adipometer overestimated APMT by 7 mm when compared to ultrasonography. APMT measured by adipometer was moderately correlated with BMI, CC, BC, BMC, LTM and BCM. APMT by ultrasonography was weakly correlated with CC, BMC, LTM, and LTM index. Conclusion: APMT presented weak or moderate correlation between methods. The measurement was predictive of muscle mass. We suggest that APMT be used in a complementary way in the evaluation of body composition.

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la concordancia entre el espesor de músculo aductor pollicis (EMAP), medido por ecografía y adipómetro, con aplicabilidad de la medición como indicador del estado nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico con diseño transversal. La concordancia entre los APMT estimados por ambos métodos se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y se diseñaron gráficos de Bland-Altman. En 137 pacientes con ERC, el APMT se correlacionó con índice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de la pantorrilla (CP), circunferencia braquial (CB) y circunferencia del músculo braquial (CMB); masa de tejido magro (MTM); índice de masa magra (IMM) y masa celular corporal (MCC) mediante correlación de Pearson. Se obtuvo que el adipómetro sobreestima EMAP en 7 mm en comparación con la ecografía. EMAP medido por adipómetro se correlacionó moderadamente con IMC, CP, CB, CMB, MTM e IMM. EMAP por ecografía se correlacionó débilmente con el CP, CMB, MTM y IMM. Conclusión: EMAP presentó una baja o moderada correlación con otras mediciones de estado nutricional. La EMAP predice la masa muscular, ya que presentó correlación con marcadores de este compartimento. Se sugiere que EMAPse utilice de manera complementaria en la evaluación de la composición corporal.

Adicción Alimentaria: ¿Otro determinante asociado a la adhesión del tratamiento nutricional? / Dependência de Alimentos: Outro determinante associado à adesão de tratamento nutricional? / Food Addiction: Another determinant associated with the adhesion of nutritional treatment

Resumen: Los Programas de Prevención Secundaria Cardiovascular se han desarrollado para mejorar el proceso de atención de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica y/o con alto riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, la adherencia terapéutica en algunos aspectos es limitada, por lo que conocer la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria en esta población podría ser de utilidad para redireccionar la intervención nutricional. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria de los pacientes que asisten al Programa de Prevención Secundaria Cardiovascular del Fondo nacional de Recursos en el período octubre a diciembre 2016 en el departamento de Montevideo, Uruguay. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal. Se estudian 153 pacientes a los que se les aplicó el cuestionario estructurado YFAS de Gearhardt y valoración del estado nutricional a través del IMC extraído del Sistema Informático María del FNR. El 63% de la población fue del sexo masculino, 8 de cada 10 de los encuestados fueron adultos mayores (≥60 años), y predominó la malnutrición por exceso en el 70% de los encuestados, encontrándose obesidad en 4 de cada 10. La prevalencia de adicción alimentaria en el total de los encuestados fue del 5,9% (IC95%=2,7-10,9), siendo más prevalente en el rango etáreo de menores de 60 años. Dentro de la categoría de obesidad la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria fue 13,8% seguida por el sobrepeso. Se observa en un 10% de la población la presencia de 3 o más síntomas para adicción alimentaria sin tener aún la significación clínica que determine la presencia de la patología, predominando esto en la población del sexo masculino y en los menores de 60 años. Esta presencia dentro de la categoría de obesidad se puede ver en un 10%. Se concluye que casi el 6% de la población presentó adicción alimentaria y que un 10% tuvieron 3 o más síntomas propios de la patología. Incluir el test en la consulta de los pacientes pertenecientes al PPSCV permitiría derivar al equipo de psicología de la institución los pacientes que así lo requieran.

Resumo: Programas secundários de prevenção cardiovascular foram desenvolvidos para melhorar o processo de atendimento de pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica e / ou com alto risco cardiovascular. No entanto, a adesão terapêutica em alguns aspectos é limitada, portanto, conhecer a prevalência de dependência alimentar nessa população pode ser útil para redirecionar a intervenção nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a prevalência de dependência alimentar de pacientes do Programa de Prevenção Secundária Cardiovascular do Fundo Nacional de Recursos no período de outubro a dezembro de 2016 no departamento de Montevidéu, Uruguai. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal. Foram estudados 153 pacientes aos quais foi aplicado o questionário estruturado YFAS de Gearhardt e a avaliação do estado nutricional por meio do IMC extraído do María Informatics System do FNR. 63% da população era do sexo masculino, 8 em cada 10 entrevistados eram adultos mais velhos (≥60 anos) e a supernutrição prevaleceu em 70% dos entrevistados, com obesidade em 4 em cada 10. a prevalência de dependência alimentar no total dos entrevistados foi de 5,9% (IC95% = 2,7-10,9), sendo mais prevalente na faixa etária de crianças menores de 60 anos. Na categoria obesidade, a prevalência de dependência alimentar foi de 13,8%, seguida pelo excesso de peso. Observa-se em 10% da população a presença de 3 ou mais sintomas de dependência alimentar sem ainda ter o significado clínico que determina a presença da patologia, predominantemente na população masculina e naqueles com menos de 60 anos. Essa presença na categoria obesidade pode ser vista em 10%. Conclui-se que quase 6% da população apresentava dependência alimentar e 10% apresentavam 3 ou mais sintomas da patologia. A inclusão do teste na consulta de pacientes pertencentes ao PPSCV permitiria que os pacientes que precisassem dele se referirem à equipe de psicologia da instituição.

Summary: The Cardiovascular Secondary Prevention Programs have been developed to improve the care process for patients with ischemic heart disease and / or with high cardiovascular risk. However, the therapeutic adherence in some aspects is limited, so knowing the prevalence of food addiction in this population could be useful to redirect the nutritional intervention. The objective of this study is to study the prevalence of food addiction in patients attending the Cardiovascular Secondary Prevention Program of the National Resources Fund from October to December 2016 in the department of Montevideo. It is a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. 153 patients were studied, the structured YFAS questionnaire of Gearhardt was applied and the nutritional status was assessed through the IMC extracted from the Maria IT System of the FNR. 63% of the population was male, 8 out of 10 of the respondents were elderly (≥60 years), and excess malnutrition predominated in 70% of respondents, with obesity in 4 out of 10. The prevalence of food addiction in the total of the respondents was 5.9% (95% CI = 2.7-10.9), being more prevalent in the age range of those under 60 years of age. Within the category of obesity, the prevalence of food addiction was 13.8%, followed by overweight. The presence of 3 or more symptoms for food addiction was observed in 10% of the population without having the clinical significance that determines the presence of the pathology, predominating in the male population and in those under 60 years of age. This presence within the category of obesity can be seen in 10%. It is concluded that almost 6% of the population had food addiction and 10% had 3 or more symptoms typical of the pathology. Including the test in the appointment of patients belonging to the CSPP would allow referral to the psychology team of the institution of those who require it.

Cafeteria diet in breastfeeding dams promotes anxiolytic effects, accumulation of adipose tissue, and impacts offspring development / La dieta de la cafetería en las madres que amamantan promueve los efectos ansiolíticos y la acumulación de tejido adiposo, y afecta el desarrollo de la descendencia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and behavioral effects of a cafeteria diet in dams during the breastfeeding period and in their offspring from weaning until early adulthood (70 days old). Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a chow diet until delivery. Postnatally (D0), litters were culled to 8 pups and lactating dams received control (CTRL n= 6) or cafeteria (CAF n= 6) diets and water ad libitum. At the end of the breastfeeding period, male offspring were placed in individual boxes receiving the same treatment from their respective dams (CTRL or CAF) until adulthood (70 days). All nutritional and behavioral evaluations were performed with the dams (n= 12) during the breastfeeding phase and with the male offspring (n= 24) after weaning to adulthood. CAF dams demonstrated a lower caloric and protein intake; higher intake of fats; loss of weight; greater accumulation of adipose tissue; and an anxiolytic effect. CAF male offspring showed lower caloric intake; higher intake of fats; and accumulation of adipose tissue. In addition, these animals continued to have decreased body weight, body length and tibia-femur length in relation to CTRL. In dams, a cafeteria diet promoted alterations in body composition and anxiety, and in offspring the diet resulted in adequate development.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos nutricionales y de comportamiento de la dieta de la cafetería en las madres durante el período de lactancia materna y en su descendencia desde el destete hasta la edad adulta temprana (70 días de edad). Ratas Wistar embarazadas fueron alimentadas con una dieta estándar hasta el parto. Postnatalmente (D0), las camadas se ajustaron en 8 crías y las madres lactantes recibieron las dietas control (CTRL n= 6) o cafetería (CAF n= 6) además de agua ad libitum. Al final del período de lactancia materna, las proles machos fueron colocados en cajas individuales recibiendo el mismo tratamiento de sus respectivas madres (CTRL o CAF) hasta la edad adulta (70 días). Todas las evaluaciones nutricionales y comportamentales se realizaron con las madres (n= 12) durante la fase de lactancia y con la prole masculina (n= 24) después del destete hasta la edad adulta. Las madres CAF demostraron una menor ingesta calórica y proteica; mayor ingestión de grasas; pérdida de peso; mayor acumulación de tejido adiposo; y un efecto ansiolítico. La prole masculina CAF presentó menor consumo calórico; mayor ingestión de grasas; y la acumulación de tejido adiposo. Además, estos animales presentaron menor peso corporal, longitud corporal, y longitud de la tibia-fémur, en relación a CTRL. En las madres, la dieta de cafetería promovió cambios en la composición corporal y ansiedad, y en la prole la dieta comprometió el desarrollo adecuado.

Abordaje nutricional en pacientes con parálisis cerebral, espectro autista, síndrome de Down: un enfoque integral / Nutritional approach in patients with cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and Down syndrome: a comprehensive approach

RESUMEN Las enfermedades mentales abarcan un grupo de patologías relacionadas con factores fisiológicos, genéticos, psicológicos, sociales y medioambientales. Dentro de estas enfermedades se encuentran la parálisis cerebral, la discapacidad mental, la enfermedad del espectro autista y el síndrome de Down, las cuales son abordadas en la presente revisión. El abordaje integral del paciente por parte del equipo de salud es imprescindible. Se destaca el rol del nutricionista dietista, ya que su atención oportuna y regular permite evitar el deterioro del estado nutricional, el compromiso de la talla en caso de niños, o adquirir comorbilidades prevenibles en adultos, como sucede cuando está presente una de las complicaciones comunes como el reflujo gastroesofágico y la disfagia, permitiendo mejorar la calidad de vida de pacientes, cuidadores y familia. A pesar de esto, los sistemas de salud sólo autorizan la atención nutricional cada dos o tres meses; adicional a esto, se suman el tiempo prolongado que tardan los trámites para la consulta y las autorizaciones, pudiendo desencadenarse complicaciones que ponen en riesgo la vida del paciente. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos Scielo, Dialnet, PubMed, para soportar la importancia del papel del nutricionista dietista en todos los estados de las patologías relacionadas con las enfermedades mentales.

ABSTRACT Mental illnesses encompass a group of pathologies concerning physical, genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors. These diseases include cerebral palsy, mental handicap, autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome, which will be addressed in the present review. A comprehensive approach is essential, which includes the role of the nutritionist-dietitian, since prompt and regular attention allows avoiding the deterioration of nutritional status, compromised length, in the case of children, or acquiring preventable comorbidities in adults, such as gastroesophageal reflux and dysphagia. This approach improves the quality of life of patients, caregivers and families. In spite of this, health systems only authorize nutritional care every two or three months. In addition, there is often prolonged wait times to access treatment and obtain authorization, which may put the patient's life at risk. A systematic review was carried out using Scielo, Dialnet, and Pubmed to support the importance of the role of the nutritionist-dietitian in mental illness conditions.

How I am, how am I: nutritional status and body image in women submitted to aesthetic plastic surgery / Como Sou, como Estou: estado nutricional e imagem corporal em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia plástica estética / Como Soy, como Estoy: estado nutricional e imagen corporal en mujeres sometidas a cirurgia plastica estetica

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (APS) has grown dramatically around the world, especially in Brazil. Women were more dissatisfied with their appearance compared to men, and this is the main predictor for the search of APS. We investigated the body image (BI) and nutritional status (NS) of 40 adult women requesting APS - Clinical Group (G1, n = 20) - and 20 not requesting APS - Comparative Group (G2) - with similar age and socio-educational characteristics. We evaluated the biochemistry of blood, the BMI, and the percentage of body fat, with a statistically significant difference between G1 and G2 (p < 0.01). G1 showed a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, dissatisfaction with the overall appearance (p = 0.04) in the Body-Self-Relationships Questionnaire, concern with BMI (p = 0.04), and major investment in appearance (p = 0.04). Due to these potential indicators of mental health problems, psychological and nutritional monitoring is essential to prevent poor progression in APS.

Cirurgia Plástica Estética (CPE) cresceu drasticamente no mundo, especialmente no Brasil. Mulheres mostraram-se mais insatisfeitas com a aparência em relação aos homens, e esse é o principal preditor para a busca da CPE. Investigou-se a Imagem Corporal (IC) e o Estado Nutricional (EN) de 40 mulheres adultas solicitantes de CPE - Grupo Clínico (G1, n = 20) - e 20 não solicitantes de CPE - Grupo de Comparação (G2) - de características etárias e socioeducacionais semelhantes. Avaliaram-se a bioquímica do sangue, o IMC e a porcentagem de gordura corporal com diferenças estatísticas significativas entre G1 e G2 (p < 0, 01). O G1 apresentou maior prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, insatisfação com a aparência geral (p = 0,04) no Body-Self-Relationships Questionnaire, grande preocupação com o IMC (p = 0,04) e grande investimento na aparência (p = 0,04). Em função desses potenciais indicadores de problemas de saúde mental, o monitoramento psicológico e nutricional é essencial para prevenir uma evolução negativa em CPE.

Cirugía Plástica Estética (CPE) creció drásticamente en Brasil y en el mundo. Mujeres se mostraron más insatisfechas con la apariencia que los hombres, siendo éste el principal predictor de búsqueda por CPE. Se ha investigado la imagen corporal (IC) y el estado nutricional (EN) de 40 mujeres adultas solicitantes de CPE - Grupo Clínico (G1, n = 20) - y 20 que no solicitó CPE - Grupo de Comparación (G2) - de características de edad e socioeducativa similares. Se evaluó la bioquímica de la sangre, el IMC y el % de grasa con diferencias significativas entre G1 y G2 (p < 0, 01). G1 mostró mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad, insatisfacción con la apariencia (p = 0.04) en el Body-Self-Relationships Questionnaire, preocupación por el IMC (p = 0.04) y mayor investidura en apariencia (p = 0.04). Debido a estos indicadores potenciales de problemas de salud mental, el monitoreo psicológico y nutricional es esencial para prevenir la mala progresión en CPE.

Protocolos de recuperación mejorada en cirugía cardiaca: aspectos esenciales de la evaluación y el apoyo nutricional perioperatorio / Enhances recovery protocol in heart surgery: paramount aspects of perioperative nutritional evaluation and support

Introducción: Los protocolos de recuperación mejorada o precoz, hoy en día, constituyen un eslabón fundamental cuando se habla de mejorar la calidad de la atención perioperatoria que se brinda a los enfermos en aras de disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones. Un acápite fundamental en ellos está en relación con la evaluación, optimización y el apoyo nutricional oportuno. Objetivo: Demostrar la importancia de una adecuada valoración y un oportuno apoyo nutricional perioperatorio en los enfermos programados para procedimientos quirúrgicos cardiacos, así como exponer los aspectos esenciales a considerar en relación a esta temática. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura relacionada con el tema. Desarrollo: La desnutrición es uno de los problemas más importantes, así se evidencia en una serie de publicaciones que datan desde 1976 hasta la actualidad. La evaluación del estado nutricional se debe realizar durante todo el período perioperatorio. En sus diferentes fases se describen una serie de factores de riesgos que, cuando están presentes, obligan a instaurar un apoyo nutricional precoz e intensivo por vía parenteral y/o enteral. Conclusiones: La evaluación y la optimización preoperatoria del estado nutricional es vital para una adecuada evolución perioperatoria de los enfermos, por lo que debe constituir parte indispensable de la consulta anestesiológica. El apoyo nutricional debe de ser instaurado de forma precoz una vez identificados los indicadores de riesgo en aras de disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones perioperatorias(AU)

Introduction: Enhanced or fast-track recovery protocols, nowadays, constitute a fundamental link when it comes to improving the quality of perioperative care provided to patients for reducing the incidence of complications. A fundamental section in them is related to the evaluation, optimization and timely nutritional support. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of adequate evaluation and timely perioperative nutritional support in patients scheduled for cardiac surgical procedures. Methods: We carried out a review of the literature related to the subject. Development: Malnutrition is one of the most important problems, as evidenced by a series of publications dating from 1976 to date. The evaluation of nutritional status must be carried out throughout the perioperative period. In its different phases, a series of risk factors are described and, when present, require the introduction of early and intensive parenteral and/or enteral nutritional support. Conclusions: The evaluation and preoperative optimization of the nutritional status is vital for an adequate perioperative evolution of patients, so it must be an indispensable part of the anesthesiological consultation. Nutritional support should be established early once the risk indicators have been identified, in order to reduce the incidence of perioperative complications(AU)

Asociación de tamizaje de riesgo nutricional y riesgo nutricional en el enfermo crítico con días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos / Association of nutritional risk screening and nutritional risk in the critically ill with days of mechanical ventilation in critical patients / Associação de triagem de risco nutricional e risco nutricional em pacientes críticos com dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos

Resumen: Introducción: A causa del estado proinflamatorio y de catabolismo que los caracteriza, los pacientes críticos tienen un riesgo elevado de presentar malnutrición, lo cual puede, en combinación con otros factores, contribuir a la disfunción de los músculos respiratorios e incrementar la duración de la ventilación mecánica. La herramienta NUTRIC modificada ha mostrado su capacidad de identificar aquellos pacientes críticos con mayor riesgo nutricional y de correlacionarse con los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva observacional de 60 pacientes hospitalizados en la UCIA donde se comparó la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Se utilizaron los registros diarios de pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos y expedientes electrónicos, de los que se obtuvieron datos demográficos, médicos, puntuación NUTRIC y NRS. Resultados: La edad promedio en este estudio fue 43 ± 18 años, y 63% (38) fue del sexo femenino. El promedio de la puntuación APACHE fue de 19.9 ± 9, y el de la puntuación SOFA de 10.1 ± 4.8. El NUTRIC score tuvo una media de 5 ± 1.9 puntos, y el NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 puntos. Los pacientes requirieron de ventilación mecánica en un promedio de 4.6 ± 4.1 días. Conclusión: Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la puntuación NUTRIC score modificado con los días de ventilación mecánica, contrario a lo encontrado al correlacionar con la puntuación NRS. En el grupo de pacientes con puntuación NUTRIC alta tuvo un número significativamente mayor de defunciones, en comparación con aquéllos con puntuación baja.

Abstract: Introduction: Because of the proinflammatory state and catabolism that characterizes the critically ill patients have a high risk of malnutrition, which may, in combination with other factors, contribute to the dysfunction of the respiratory muscles and increase the duration of ventilation mechanics. The modified NUTRIC tool has shown its capacity to identify critically ill patients with greater nutritional risk and to correlate with clinical results. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the NRS and NUTRIC score with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Material and methods: Observational retrospective cohort of 60 patients hospitalized in the ICU, where the NRS and NUTRIC scores were compared with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Daily records of patients of the Intensive Care Unit of Adults and electronic files were used, from which demographic, medical, NUTRIC and NRS scores were obtained. Results: The average age in this study was 43 ± 18 years, and 63% (38) were female. The average of the APACHE score was 19.9 ± 9, and that of the SOFA score of 10.1 ± 4.8. The NUTRIC score had an average of 5 ± 1.9 points, and the NRS, of 3.5 ± 1.1 points. The patients required mechanical ventilation an average of 4.6 ± 4.1 days. Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between the NUTRIC score modified with the days of mechanical ventilation, contrary to what was found when correlating with the NRS score. In the group of patients with high NUTRIC score had a significantly higher number of deaths, compared with those with low score.

Resumo: Introdução: Por causa do estado pró-inflamatório e catabólico que os caracteriza, os pacientes graves apresentam alto risco de desnutrição, o que pode em combinação com outros fatores contribuir para a disfunção dos músculos respiratórios e aumentar a duração da ventilação mecânica. A ferramenta NUTRIC modificada mostrou sua capacidade de identificar pacientes críticos com maior risco nutricional e correlacionar com os resultados clínicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os escores NRS e NUTRIC com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado críticos. Métodos: Coorte retrospectivo observacional de 60 pacientes internados na UTI, onde os escores NRS e NUTRIC foram comparados com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado crítico. Foram utilizados registros diários dos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos e arquivos eletrônicos, dos quais foram obtidos os dados demográficos, médicos, escore NUTRIC e NRS. Resultados: A média de idade neste estudo foi de 43 ± 18 anos e 63% (38) eram do sexo feminino. O promédio da pontuação APACHE foi de 19.9 ± 9, e a pontuação SOFA foi de 10.1 ± 4.8. O escore NUTRIC apresentou média de 5 ± 1.9 pontos, e o NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 pontos. Os pacientes necessitaram de ventilação mecânica em média 4.6 ± 4.1 dias. Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a pontuação escore NUTRIC modificado com os dias de ventilação mecânica, ao contrário do que foi encontrado quando correlacionado com o escore NRS. No grupo de pacientes com pontuação NUTRIC alta, houve um número significativamente maior de óbitos comparados àqueles com pontuação baixa.

Status and nutritional therapy in elective and emergency neurosurgery patients / Estado y terapia nutricional en pacientes de neurocirugía electiva y urgencia / Estado e terapia nutricional em pacientes de neurocirurgia eletiva e urgência

ABSTRACT Objevect: To evaluate the Nutritional Status (NS) and follow the Enteral Nutritional Therapy (ENT) of patients in neurosurgical intervention. Method: Cohort study in emergency or elective surgery patients with exclusive ENT. Anthropometric measurements (Arm Circumference (AC and Triceps Skinfold (TSF)) were measured on the first, seventh and 14th day. For the ENT monitoring, caloric/protein adequacy, fasting, inadvertent output of the enteral probe and residual gastric volume were used. Results: 80 patients, 78.7% in emergency surgery and 21.3% in elective surgery. There was a reduction in AC and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p>0.01), especially for the emergency group. The caloric/protein adequacy was higher in the emergency group (86.7% and 81.8%). Conclusion: The EN change was greater in the emergency group, even with better ENT adequacy. Changes in body composition are frequent in neurosurgical patients, regardless of the type of procedure.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el Estado Nutricional (EN) y acompañar la Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) de pacientes en intervención neuroquirúrgica. Método: Estudio tipo cohorte en pacientes de cirugía de urgencia o electiva, con TNE exclusiva. Se midieron medidas antropométricas (Circunferencia del Brazo (CB) y Pliegue Cutáneo Tricipital (PCT)) en el primer, séptimo y decimocuarto días. Para el monitoreo de la TNE: adecuación calórica/proteica, desayuno, salida inadvertida de la sonda enteral y volumen residual gástrico. Resultados: 80 pacientes, 78,7% en cirugía de urgencia y 21,3% en electiva. Hubo reducción de la CB y del Índice Masa Corporal (IMC) (p> 0,01), en especial para el grupo de urgencia. La adecuación calórica/proteica fue superior en el grupo de urgencia (86,7% y 81,8%). Conclusión: La alteración del EN fue más alta en el grupo de urgencia mismo con mejor adecuación de la TNE. La alteración de la composición corporal es frecuente en pacientes neuroquirúrgicos independientemente del tipo de procedimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o Estado Nutricional (EN) e acompanhar a Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) de pacientes em intervenção neurocirúrgica. Método: Estudo tipo coorte em pacientes de cirurgia de urgência ou eletiva, com TNE exclusiva. Foram aferidas medidas antropométricas (Circunferência do Braço (CB) e Dobra Cutânea Tricipital (DCT)) no primeiro, sétimo e 14º dia. Para o monitoramento da TNE, utilizou-se: adequação calórico/proteica, jejum, saída inadvertida da sonda enteral e volume residual gástrico. Resultados: 80 pacientes, 78,7% em cirurgia de urgência e 21,3% em eletiva. Houve redução da CB e do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (p>0,01), em especial para o grupo de urgência. A adequação calórica/proteica foi superior no grupo de urgência (86,7% e 81,8%). Conclusão: A alteração do EN foi maior no grupo de urgência mesmo com melhor adequação da TNE. A alteração da composição corporal é frequente em pacientes neurocirúrgicos, independentemente do tipo de procedimento.

Accuracy of alternative indexes for assessing the nutritional status of men and women / Acurácia de índices alternativos para avaliar o estado nutricional de homens e mulheres

Abstract A good evaluation of the nutritional status requires knowledge on body composition, casting doubts on the accuracy of some indexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of the following nutritional status indexes: Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI elevated to 2.5 (BMI2.5), Fat Mass Index (FMI) and BMI adjusted for fat mass (BMIfat). Participated of this study 280 subjects (aged 17-48 years), from which the results of BMI, BMI25, FMI and BMIfat indexes were analyzed, having the Hydrostatic Weighing method as reference. FMI presented the highest concordance value, but classified as discrete (k=0.21). he other indexes presented small concordance with results of the reference method (k<0.20). In conclusion, none of the indexes investigated has good accuracy in assessing the nutritional status of the study group, considering that, although they show results of correlation with the reference method, they do not reach the minimum agreement criterion.

Resumo Uma boa avaliação do estado nutricional requer o conhecimento da composição corporal, colocando em dúvida a acurácia de alguns índices. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a acurácia dos seguintes índices de avaliação do estado nutricional: Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), IMC elevado à 2,5 (IMC2,5), Índice de Massa Gorda (IMG) e IMC ajustado pela massa gorda (IMCgordura). Participaram do estudo 280 sujeitos (idade entre 17 e 48 anos), dos quais foram analisados os resultados dos índices IMC, IMC2,5, IMG e IMCgordura; tendo como método de referência a Pesagem Hidrostática. O IMG apresentou o maior valor de concordância, porém classificado como discreto (k = 0,21). Já os demais índices apresentaram concordância pequena com os resultados do método de referência (k<0,20). Em conclusão, nenhum dos índices investigados apresenta boa acurácia para avaliar o estado nutricional do público em questão, tendo em vista que, apesar de mostrarem resultados de correlação com o método de referência, não atingem o critério mínimo de concordância.

Avaliação nutricional de idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência / Evaluación nutricional de adultos mayores residentes en instituciones de larga permanencia / Nutritional evaluation of elderly residents in long permanence institutions

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional de idosos residentes em Instituições de Longa Permanência. Método: estudo descritivo e transversal com abordagem quantitativa realizado de março a abril de 2016, com amostra de 78 idosos institucionalizados. A coleta de dados ocorreu com a aplicação do instrumento Mini Avaliação Nutricional durante visitas previamente agendadas. Resultados: predominou o sexo feminino, 44 (56%), e identificou-se que há risco de desnutrição, com média de avaliação global de 17,7 (DP ± 5,2). Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o risco de desnutrição e as variáveis: sexo, idade e tempo de institucionalização, com p < 0,05. Conclusão: a institucionalização consiste em um fator fortemente associado a alterações no estado nutricional do idoso, o que torna necessária a adoção de medidas adaptativas pelas instituições de longa permanência para essa população no tocante ao suporte nutricional adequado que é importante para a manutenção do estado de saúde e da qualidade de vida.

Objetivo: evaluar el estado nutricional de adultos mayores residentes en Instituciones de Larga Permanencia. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal con abordaje cuantitativo realizado de marzo a abril de 2016, con muestra de 78 adultos mayores institucionalizados. La recolección de datos ocurrió con la aplicación del instrumento Mini Evaluación Nutricional durante visitas previamente agendadas. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino, 44 (56%), y se identificó que hay riesgo de desnutrición, con media de evaluación global de 17,7 (DP±5,2). Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el risco de desnutrición y las variables: sexo, edad y tiempo de institucionalización, con p<0,05. Conclusión: la institucionalización es un factor fuertemente asociado a alteraciones en el estado nutricional del adulto mayor, lo que hace necesaria la adopción de medidas adaptativas por parte de las instituciones de larga permanencia para esta población con relación al soporte nutricional adecuado que es importante para el mantenimiento del estado de salud y de la calidad de vida.

Objective: Evaluate the nutritional state of elderly residents in Long Permanence Institutions. Method: descriptive and cross-sectional study with quantitative approach performed from March to April 2016, with a sample of 78 institutionalized elders. Data gathering occurred by applying the tool of a Mini Nutritional Evaluation during previously scheduled visits. Results: females prevailed, 44 (56%), and it has been identified that there are nutritional risks, with global evaluation average of 17.7 (SD ± 5.2). There was significant statistical association between malnutrition risk and the variables: sex, age and institutionalization time, with p < 0.05. Conclusion: institutionalization is consistent with a factor that is strongly associated with changes in the nutritional state of the elderly, which requires the adoption of adaptive measures by long permanence institutions for this population regarding adequate nutritional support, which is important to maintain health and quality of life.

Comparison of three kinds of nutritional screening tools in clinical application of general surgery patients application / 中国现代普通外科进展

Objective:To compare the applicability and consistency of NRS2002,SGA and MNA in general surgery hospitalized patients and analyze the effect in clinical outcomes of NRS resuits with respect to each tool.Method:The 150 patients hospitalized in our hospital were chosen as object of study,to screen and evaluate nutritional risk of patients by NRS 2002,SGA and MNA,respectively,on the second hospital day,then to compare the consistency of NRS results with respect to the four tools on clinical outcomes.Results:The applicabilities of hospital NRS2002,SGA and MNA were alternatively 97.25,97.25％ and 98.35％.The evaluation of patients' NRS corresponding to different four tools was consistent.The effects of screening results of MNA,NRS2002 and SGA on clinical outcomes were most closely related.Conclusion:The three nutritional evaluation tools can be applied to the screening of malnutrition in General Surgery.The effects of screening results of NRS2002 and SGA on clinical outcomes were most closely related.

Nutritional Evaluation of Convenience Meals in Convenience Stores near the Universities / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Rapid economic growth and industrial development in South Korea have led to a great change in dietary patterns, and the use of convenience foods has continuously increased. This study was performed to evaluate the energy and nutrient contents of convenience foods at convenience stores near the universities as a meal. METHODS: Data was collected by visiting 22 convenience stores near some universities in Chungbuk and Seoul and by checking nutrition labels on convenience foods at the stores. Data of a total of 338 food items were collected, and divided into five groups according to the food categories; rice products (n=156), noodles (n=101), burger/sandwiches (n=62), Tteokbokkis (n=11), and dumplings (n=8). Further, rice products, noodles, and burger/sandwiches were divided into subcategories. RESULTS: The proportion of calories from carbohydrates was high in the rice products and tteokbokki, while the rate of calories from fat was high in burger/sandwiches and dumplings. Among the rice products, the proportion of carbohydrate calories was high in a one-dish food, rice with soup, and triangular kimbap, while the proportion of calories from fat in lunch boxes was high. In the noodles category, ramyeon and spaghetti had a high percentage of fat calories, while udong had a high percentage of carbohydrate calories. The ratio of the calorie content in relation to the KDRIs for adults aged 19-29 years, lunch boxes provided about 1/3 of daily required energy. However, the amount of calories as one meal was not enough for other types of rice products except for lunch boxes. Ramyeon was high in calories, fat, and sodium, but low in protein content. The burger/sandwiches had a high percentage of fat and sodium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed several nutritional limitations of convenience meals in convenience stores according to the type of food. Therefore, college students should limit excessive intake of convenience meals on a regular basis in order to avoid unhealthy food intake patterns. Our results demonstrate the need for educating college students with regard to checking nutrition labels when choosing convenience meals in order to facilitate the selection of food items that contribute to a balanced diet.

Evaluación del estado nutricional, hábitos de alimentación y actividad física en escolares de 1° básico de Isla de Pascua de Chile en la última decada / Nutritional status, feeding behavior and physical activity of first grade school children from Chilean Easter Island in the last decade

The people of Easter Island live in a natural environment and have cultural traditions that encourage healthy lifestyles. During 2005, 64 first grade children from the only public school of the island were studied. Nutritional evaluation according to BMI revealed a lower incidence of childhood obesity (12.5%) in relation to that time continental data (17.2%). The application of an oral survey also revealed healthy eating patterns, regular physical activity and low levels of TV viewing. The present study, performed during November 2014, evaluated the nutritional status of first grade children from Easter Island, analyzing eating and physical activity habits, and compared results with those obtained in 2005. 50 first grade students from the same and still the only public school of the island were included. The nutritional status was calculated according to their BMI. The 2005 previously validated survey was applied, obtaining information about their school snacks, home eating patterns, physical activity, TV viewing and computer use ("screen hours"). Average obesity in this sample was 24%, similar than described for national obesity levels (25.3%) in this age group. This finding contrast with that found in 2005, when obesity levels were much lower than the continental average. The actual study revealed a relatively healthy eating behavior, but a poor physical activity profile: the main change with 2005 was the increase in the "screen hours". The majority of the students (62%) spent more than two hours/day viewing TV, computer or video games, which may explain the higher obesity levels.

Los habitantes de la Isla de Pascua viven en un entorno físico y cultural que podría favorecer hábitos de vida saludables y reflejarse en una menor incidencia de obesidad infantil, en relación a la población continental. Durante el año 2005, estudiamos a 64 alumnos de primero básico del único colegio público de la isla. La evaluación nutricional arrojó una menor incidencia de obesidad (12,5%) en relación al promedio del continente (17,2%), una encuesta reveló hábitos saludables de alimentación, actividad física y pocas horas frente al televisor o computador. El presente estudio, realizado durante el año 2014, evaluó la condición nutricional de escolares de Isla de Pascua, analizando hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física, comparando los resultados con estadísticas nacionales y con los datos obtenidos el año 2005. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 estudiantes de primer año básico del mismo y a un único colegio público de la isla. El estado nutricional fue evaluado según el IMC, aplicando la encuesta de hábitos previamente validada el año 2005. El promedio de obesidad en esta muestra fue de 24%, similar al promedio descrito para la población nacional en este grupo etario. Este hallazgo contrasta con lo encontrado el 2005, donde los niveles de obesidad fueron mucho menores a los del promedio continental. El estudio actual reveló patrones de alimentación relativamente saludables, destacando como principal cambio respecto al año 2005, el incremento en las horas frente al televisor o computador ("horas de pantalla") lo que podría explicar los mayores niveles de obesidad encontrados.

Avaliação dos aspectos nutricionais, das condições de saúde e do perfil sociodemográfico de idosos atendidos no departamento de saúde do idoso − Juiz de Fora, MG / Evaluation of the nutritional aspects, of the health conditions and the social demographic profile of elderlies attended in the health of the elderly department ­ Juiz de Fora - MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as condições de saúde, aspectos nutricionais e o perfil sociodemográfico de idosos participantes do grupo de ginástica do Departamento de Saúde do Idoso, no município de Juiz de Fora (MG), assim como avaliar o risco nutricional e verificar associações. A amostra de conveniência foi composta por 42 idosos com idade de 60 anos e mais, de ambos os gêneros. Foram aplicados três questionários, sendo eles com informações demográficas, socioeconômicas e de condições de saúde, de consumo alimentar e de risco nutricional. Na população estudada, 73,8% eram do sexo feminino (n=31). A média de idade das mulheres foi de 71,58 ± 6,87 anos e, para os homens, de 73,73 ± 6,81 anos. A média de IMC para as mulheres foi de 26,95 kg/m² e, para os homens, foi de 25,21 kg/m², ambos dentro da classificação de eutrofia. A maioria da população, 31% (n=13), relatou apresentar somente hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). O uso de três ou mais medicamentos diferentes por dia representou 64,28% da amostra, predominante no sexo feminino. Encontrou-se diferença significativa entre o consumo de carne vermelha com gordura (p=0,005), assim como, ao se relacionarem as variáveis sociodemográficas e risco nutricional, foram encontradas associações significativas para a variável raça (p=0,045). Encontraram- se, também, associações significativas entre as variáveis consumo de verdura/legume cozido (p=0,003), consumo de suco de fruta natural (p=0,049) e quanto ao tipo de leite consumido (p=0,049) com o risco nutricional. A frequência de risco nutricional atingiu 54,14% da população, entretanto o grupo demonstrou ter bons hábitos alimentares, eutrofia e prática de atividade física, condições e hábitos importantes para a melhoria dessa condição.

The aim of this study was to identify the health conditions, nutritional aspects and the social demographic profile of elderly participants of a gymnastic group of the health department of seniors in the city of Juiz de Fora (MG), as well as, to evaluate the nutritional risk and verify associations. The convenience sample was composed by 42 elderlies, 60 years old or older, of both genders. It was applied three questioners, consisting of demographic, social economic and health conditions, food consumption and nutritional risk information. In the studied population, 73.8% were female (n=31). The average age of the women was 71.58 +/- 6.87 years and for the men it was of 73.73 ± 6.81 years. The BMI average for women was 26.95 kg/m2 and for men it was 25.21 kg/m2, both into the classification of eutrophic. Most of the population, 31% (n=13), have said to present only systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). The use of three or more different medicines for a day has represented 64.28% of the sample, mainly in the females. It was found the meaningful difference between the consume of red meat with fat (p=0.005), as well as, when relating the social demographic variable and nutritional risk, it was found meaningful associations to the variable race (p=0.045). We have also found meaningful associations between the variable consumption of cooked greenery/vegetable (p=0.003), consumption of fresh fruit juice (p=0.049) and as to the kind of milk consumed (p=0.049) with a nutritional risk. The frequency of the nutritional risk has reached 54.14% of the population, however, the group has showed good food habits, eutrophic and the practice of physical activities, important conditions and habits to the improvement of this condition.

Valoración nutricional de pacientes egresados de un servicio de cirugía general / Nutritional evaluation of patients discharged from a general surgery service

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, a fin de evaluar el estado nutricional de 91 pacientes egresados del Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, quienes habían sido intervenidos con cirugía mayor electiva, durante el trienio 2013-2015. Se halló un decrecimiento de los pacientes con malnutrición y aumento de los valores de bioimpedancia. Esta última constituyó el método más sensible para determinar los afectados con posibilidad de complicarse, pues 89,5 % de los malnutridos tuvieron complicaciones en el periodo posoperatorio. Asimismo, la infección del sitio quirúrgico fue la complicación más frecuente. Se concluyó que la malnutrición es un importante problema para los pacientes operados y los métodos más idóneos para su valoración nutricional son el índice de masa corporal, la bioimpedancia, así como el conteo global de linfocitos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, in order to evaluate the nutritional state of 91 patients discharged from the General Surgery Service of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Clinical Surgical Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba who had been treated with elective major surgery, during the triennium 2013-2015. There was a decrease of the patients with malnutrition and increase of the bioimpedance values, which constituted the most sensitive method to determine those patients affected with possibility of complications, because 89.5% of the malnourished cases had complications in the postoperative period. Also, the infection of the surgical site was the most frequent complication. It was concluded that malnutrition is an important problem for the operated patients and the most suitable methods for their nutritional evaluation are the corporal mass index, bioimpedance, as well as the global count of lymphocytes.